Abu Simbel was one of the more notable constructions under Ramses II, one of the last great pharaohs of Egypt. Buried in the sands until 1813, Abu Simbel was relocated from its original location from 1964 – 1968. This was to protect the site from the rising waters of Lake Nasser due to damming works.
Finished in 1244BC, it represented the southern reaches of the Egyptian empire. The massive sculptures, and the depictions of the victory over the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh, were used to awe and intimidate Nubians – traders and enemies alike. Sited about 300km from current-day Aswan, it is near the present Sudanese border.
The temple complex is fronted by four statues of Ramses II. Each over 20m high, they are surrounded by smaller sculptures representing members of his family.
Dedicated to four gods – Ptah (the original Egyptian God), Ra (the Sun God), Amun (local deity of Thebes i.e. Luxor) and Ramses II (being a reincarnate of the Sky God Horus). As a sidenote, Egyptian gods were initially distinct but subsequently evolved to incorporate aspects of other deities. As such, it can cause confusion among laymen.
The Hypostyle Hall lies behind the entrance. It is supported by eight columns in the likeness of Ramses II in the pose of Osiris (father of Horus – told you it can be confusing). Storerooms branch out from the hall.
The sacred sanctuary of the four gods lies at the end of the complex. From left to right sit Ptah, Amun, Ramses II and Horus. The original alignment of the temple allows the sun to shine through the complex to the sanctuary, lighting up all gods except Ptah, which remained unlighted as he was connected to the underworld (always dark). This phenomenon occurs on 21 February and 21 October, which supposedly coincides with the birth and coronation of Ramses II. The new location delays this phenomenon by a day.
I borrow two pictures from
VNGKS to show the storeroom and sanctuary.
Storeroom
Sacred Sanctuary (L-R: Ptah, Amun, Ramses II, Horus) - now he lighted up Ptah, I hope he doesn't bring any curse back with him!!