Hello Felix, hope this message finds you well.
Depth of field can be pretty technical and frankly most of it goes over my head.
However I do understand its real world real world applications:
Larger aperture and the shorter the distance from camera to subject gives shallower dof.
Longer focal lengths also give you less dof, as well as flattening the background.
This compression is well documented and favoured for portraits.
Technically, I vaguely remember that the reason focal length affects dof is due to:
- angle of view (smaller on a longer lens)
- which in turn makes the light rays more parallel
- which in turn makes the light travel more
- which in turn affect the dof
At this point, I will stop pretending like I know a thing and direct you to this excellent resource:
http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/16096/why-is-depth-of-field-affected-by-focal-length